… factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent spontaneous
abortion (… the possible role of antioxidant status and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in URSA. …

… (OR = 19.322) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α; OR = … The most important risk
factor was a history of one or more … by neutrophils aggravate the oxidative stress response. …

… suggest three factors in the pathogenesis of missed abortion. … Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
and oxidant status are essential participating factors in unexplained recurrent spontaneous …

… ‑related genes [tumor necrosis factor‑related apoptosis‑… may result from either acquired or
inherited factors (4). Several studies … has been linked to recurrent spontaneous abortions (50). …

… spontaneous abortion and is an important cause of recurrent … In mice, ultrasound could
increase tumor necrosis factor-alpha … PS exposure enhances the oxidative response in rat brain …

… (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and … Oxidative stress is detected
in spontaneous abortion, … Hence, the balance between immune responses is necessary for …

… women with history of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) (… of antioxidants and oxidants
has been an important cause … like thyroid and anatomical factors like endometriosis and …

… , uterine factors, thyroid pathologies and clotting factors are … stress [10] and resultant endothelial
dysfunction plays a key … a history of habitual abortions (2–3 spontaneous abortions in the …

… Inflammatory factors, as important mediators, play key roles … Changes in inflammatory factors
are involved in the etiology … such as Th17 cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)…

… studies are needed to elucidate the role of NOS in women undergoing spontaneous
abortion and … nitric oxide synthase; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma. …